If you took introductory physics, you learned about the “fundamental forces.” It goes something like this: All interactions are the result of one or more of five basic forces: strong nuclear, weak ...

Traditional magnetic separators, however, present a challenge: they generate a magnetic force that is very high near the side of the vessel closest to the magnet and decreases rapidly with distance.

One of the most pervasive and mysterious phenomena in the universe is magnetism. As the scientist knows it, magnetism is the invisible pull that surrounds magnets, electric currents and even the ...

In MFM, a magnetic-coated AFM probe interacts with magnetic field gradients from the sample, causing detectable forces on the probe's cantilever. To focus on magnetic interactions, MFM is often ...